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page 50-51: "Europe about 1360" shows Palatinate on both sides of Rhine River starting with Mainz & extending southward about 70 miles & being about 110 miles wide.
page 68: "Established Churches and Religious Minorities about 1600" shows "Up. Pal." to be west & south of Bamberg. Ansbach borders "Up. Pal." on the east & Bohemia on the west, Saxony borders on the north & Bavaria on the south. The Lower Palatinate is not labeled on this map.
page 74-75: "The Holy Roman Empire After the Peace of Westphalia 1648"
shows and irregular shaped Palatinate on the west side of the Rhine River
bordering the Rhine River and bordering the Archbishopric (A/B) of Mainz &
lying south & west of said A/B. Let's call it Lower Palatinate of the
west bank (LPW).
Another Palatinate lies east of the Rhine River lying SE of Worms & not
touching the other Palatinate. Let's call it Lower Palatinate of the east
bank (LPE).
A 3rd Palatinate (which seems to be the same as "Up. Pal." of page 68 &
lies east of LPE. Let's call it Upper Palatinate (UP). From the east
border of LPE to the west border of UP is about 85 miles. UP is split by
some unlabeled lands that are colored white. UP is colored green & the
northern part is where the word "UPPER" is written & the southern part of
UP is where the word "PALATINATE" is written on the map. Nuremberg lies
west of UP in one of those unlabeled lands that are colored white that lie
between the northern part of UP & the southern part of UP. Let's call the
2 parts of UP, UPN & UPS.
UP is colored green signifying it belongs to Sweden. LPE is colored
blue-gray signifying what -- I know not. LPW is left white indicating
independence or unknown allegiance I suppose. There are other places
around LPW that are left white, touch LPW and are not labeled. Maybe they
too are an unlabeled part of LPW. The text on page 73, column 1, says,
"Bavaria annexed & Catholicized the Upper Palatinate" after the Peace of
Westphalia 1648, so I guess Andreas Kilian was not from UP.
page 78-79: "Europe in 1721" does not label any of the Palatinates, but noting the position of Mainz & Nurnberg in "Possessons of the King of Prussia colored yellow" & that Bavaria is green, it is obvious that LPE & LPW belonged to Prussia in 1721 & UP belonged to Bavaria.
My oldest big atlas is Rand, McNally & Co.'s Indexed Atlas of the World Vol. 2 © 1907. It has a map of Germany that is 25" N-S & 32.25" E-W. It labels LPW as "Rhenish Bavaria", LPE is not labeled but would be part of what is labeled as Baden, and UP would be part of what is labeled as "Ober Pfalz und Regensburg". N.B. LPW was a Bavarian province 1870-1918 (per Hall's Vol.II, Part B, page IV. That is why LPW is labeled "Rhenish Bavaria" in the 1907 atlas even though it is 30 miles across Hesse to Bavaria & 75 miles across Baden-Wuertemberg to Bavaria.
Comparing the map on page 74-75 (1957 RM Historical Atlas) with my 1989 Hammond atlas & Atlantic Bridge to Germany Volume 1 Baden Wuertemberg by Charles M. Hall, it seems that LPE would be the Amtsbezirk (old county) of Heidelberg which is made of the 2 new counties (Landkreis) named Heidelberg & Sinsheim). It is unclear to me as to whether any part, part, or all of the adjacent Mannheim Amtsbezirk would have been part of LPE. Since that map on page 74-75 (1957 RM Historical Atlas) shows LPE extending to touch the star that marks Heilbronn, LPE includes part of Neckar Gross Kreis. Neckar Gross Kreis is one of the 4 Gross Kreis that Wuertemberg is divided into. Heidelberg & Mannheim are 2 of the 10 Amtsbezirks that Baden is divided into. Oddly I read in Atlantic Bridge to Germany Volume II by Charles M. Hall, Part B, page III, "The topography (of Pfalz (LPW)) appears very similar to the Appalacian region of central Pennsylvania. The word 'Pfalz' itself refers to 'folds'."! So I suppose UPN, UPS, LPE, & LPW were like central PA's folded mountains. Note Webster's dictionary says that "palatinate (noun) means 1. territory ruled by a palatine. 2. the office of a palatine. 3. Palatinate is a native or inhabitant of the Palatinate, a district west of the Rhine." I guess the residents of UP & LPE no longer call themselves Pfalzers. Pfalzer is the German word for Palatines according to Hall, Vol. II, Part B, page III. Webster says "palatine (noun) is 1. an officer of an imperial palace. 2. a medieval vassal lord having the rights of royalty in his own territory, or palatinate. 3. a fur piece covering the shoulders 4. Palatine is one of the 7 hills on which Rome was built. 5. Palatine a native or inhabitant of the Palatinate, a district west of the Rhine." I gather from meaning #2 that a county Palatine (like Lancashire England) means a county that has the right to self government -- sovereign except in foreign matters. I leave it to everyone to read what Webster says of palatine as an adjective.
From all of this I think one should conclude that
1) I need to put on the web a map of Germany showing UPN, UPS, LPE, & LPW.
2) That the substitution of Palatine for Pfalzer is not based on meaning &
that Palatinate has come to be used to refer to a smaller area than
Palatinate referred to in the late 1600s & early 1700s. I think in the
time of immigration to the colony of PA, Palatine refered to anyone from
the independent states of the Rhine valley perhaps even including Alsace &
Switzerland, thus meaning Germany, German France, & German Switzerland.
I would be surprised if Germans use the term Palatinate & Palatine. The
dictionary says Palatinate came to English from French & that Palatine
came to English from French & to French from Latin for palace. I would
suppose the Germans today use Pfalz for LPW since that gave its name to
the modern state of Rhineland Palatinate (English) (Rheinland-Pfalz
(German)). My Hammond atlas printed during WWII, labels LPW as Pfalz,
except that in WWII, Pfalz is more regular shapped than it was shown in
1648. The bounds were different in WWII but Pfalz in WWII was west of the
Rhine along the Rhine just as LPW was in 1648.
In conclusion, my opinion is that in the 1700s when the English in PA called the Germans, "Palatines" or "from the Palatinate" they merely meant "the German states" of the Rhine Valley (probably including Switzerland & Alsace). It is a word the English Americans knew from counties like Lancashire England & it was an English word & those German speaking states were very palatine (independent). The Holy Roman Empire was as little like a country as the UN of today is & the Holy Roman Empire was what Germany was called then, I think. There were too many states (nations) (about 300 in the HR Empire in 1648 (per 1957 RM Historical Atlas page 73, col.1)) to refer to the folks on the ship according to the precise state from which each family came. I think the English were just not that interested in knowing precisely where each came from & besides some had left illegally so would not want to be questioned. Switzerland had left the Empire in 1648 so was independent so with the word Palatinate the English could cover both Switzerland & the 300 nations (duchies ...) still in the Empire.